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Trichoferus campestris

By Jade Collins

Geographic Range

Velvet longhorned beetles are native to parts of Asia including all of Russia, and south to the southern borders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Its native range also spreads east to include all of China, the Koreas, and Japan. There is also a native population in Armenia, which is a little west of the rest of its range.

The velvet longhorned beetle has a large introduced range including several countries in Europe and North America as well as Iran. The velvet longhorned beetle has been introduced and established in eastern European countries stretching north to Poland, west to the Czech Republic, south to Romania, and east to Ukraine. It has also been established in the United States and Canada. (Valdez, et al., 2019)

Habitat

The habitat of the velvet longhorned beetle largely depends on where they lay their eggs due to their short lifespans. The prime habitat for laying their eggs is areas with dry wood which can include forests and orchards, but also indoor and outdoor wood piles, wooden furniture, and other dry wood structures. The beetle can infect almost any wood host species. (Iwata and Yamada, 1990; Valdez, et al., 2019; Watson, et al., 2014)

Physical Description

Adult velvet longhorned beetles are 11-20 mm long with an average size of 16 mm. They have an elongated body and parallel elytra which are easily distinguishable by the irregular patches of hairs that form spots. They are uniformly dark brown (almost black in color) to orange-brown with antennae and legs being slightly lighter than their bodies. Their entire bodies are covered with short and uniform hairs with occasional long hairs. Antennae are almost as long as the body and are shorter in females.

Pupae are 18-20 mm long and off-white in color with dark spines along their backs.

Larvae are 15-30 mm long and white-yellow with a dark brown head. They have six short legs and three simple eyes arranged in a vertical line on their flattened head. The larvae also have mandibles with “spoon-shaped” ends.

Eggs are 1.5-1.9 mm long and are white and oval-shaped. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Valdez, et al., 2019; Watson, et al., 2014)

  • Sexual Dimorphism
  • sexes alike
  • Range length
    11 to 20 mm
    0.43 to 0.79 in
  • Average length
    16 mm
    0.63 in

Development

Velvet longhorned beetles have two major life stages - one for eating and one for reproduction. They lay their eggs on barked wood (typically trees, but occasionally lumber and other wooden structures) in late summer/autumn. These eggs hatch after 10 days in which the larvae then burrow slightly into the wood between the phloem and xylem layers (close to where the sap is produced) and feed. Bark is necessary for young larvae to survive, but once they are old enough to burrow further into the wood, they no longer need the bark. Larvae go through their pupil stage while within the wood or a pupal chamber during the winter. While pupating, they develop from a worm-like organism to a beetle through a process called metamorphosis. They then leave the wood as adults in summer. Depending on where they are, they can emerge from April to May or from June to August. The adults then mate and lay eggs, restarting the cycle. In warmer places, this cycle takes about 1 year to complete. In colder areas, this cycle can take over two years. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Ray, et al., 2019; Valdez, et al., 2019)

Reproduction

The adult velvet longhorned beetles are nocturnal, mating only at night. The males produce a unique pheromone that attracts the females. They don’t have social structures as far as we know. Since they only live for a short time, they mate once in their lives. They are only active during their adult lives which is only for the summer. (Ray, et al., 2019)

The mating season for the velvet longhorned beetle is typically from July to August but could be earlier depending on when the adults emerge from their pupal chambers. Velvet longhorn beetles mate for the entirety of their adult lifespans, foregoing food since they live for such a short time. Since they are nocturnal, mating occurs at night. The females lay their eggs. Not much is known about what happens to the adult after they lay their eggs or mate, but they don’t live through the winter. Adult lifespans are around 15-20 days. Eggs hatch after 10 days. The larvae then begin their development cycle. The number of eggs in a clutch is not mentioned in the literature. (Ray, et al., 2019; Valdez, et al., 2019)

  • Breeding interval
    Velvet longhorned beetles mate once in their lives
  • Breeding season
    Velvet longhorned beetles mate during late summer
  • Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
    7 to 24 months
  • Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
    7 to 24 months

Since velvet longhorned beetles die after laying their eggs, all parental investment occurs pre-hatching. Velvet longhorn beetles lay their eggs shortly after mating due to their short lifespans. Females make sure to lay their eggs on wood with the bark intact which will provide protection and nutrience for the larvae once they hatch. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Valdez, et al., 2019)

  • Parental Investment
  • no parental involvement

Lifespan/Longevity

Since velvet longhorned beetles are considered invasive pests, they are not held in captivity. Within labs, their lifespans are preserved to conduct as many tests as possible using refrigeration. Lifespans are typically 1 year to over 2 years. The time difference is due to development within the wood as a pupal times differing in different climates. Adults only live during the summer. One study has found adults to live about 15-20 days. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Ray, et al., 2019; Valdez, et al., 2019)

  • Typical lifespan
    Status: wild
    1 to 2 years

Behavior

Velvet longhorned beetles live in wood for most of their lives, only emerging during the summer months as adults. While adults, they are nocturnal and are only active during the night. They spend most of their time finding a mate due to their short lifespans. As adults, they can fly but don’t tend to migrate or move large distances. While larvae and pupae, they spend their time alone feeding and developing. They don’t have social structures as far as we know. The only time they interact is during mating season. Females lay eggs alone so it can be assumed they don’t interact after mating. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Valdez, et al., 2019; Watson, et al., 2014)

Home Range

Velvet longhorned beetles aren’t territorial. They don’t have much time to migrate, so they don’t. This beetle can establish itself in almost any wooden host, moving wherever their host is moved. If the eggs are laid in wood that then gets used to make furniture, the velvet longhorn beetle can survive in the furniture wherever it is moved to, assuming it is not harmed in the process. Essentially, their home range is wherever viable wood is. The individual does not move far from where they develop as pupae. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Valdez, et al., 2019; Watson, et al., 2014)

Communication and Perception

Velvet longhorned beetles are a solitary species. They spend most of their short lives alone burrowed in wood away from predators and other velvet longhorned beetles. Their food source is tree sap, so they don’t have special adaptations for finding prey. Since their eggs are laid directly on their food source for their whole lives, they don’t have to hunt for it either. Like other longhorned beetles, they have long antennae that span the majority of their body length. When the adults emerge, they are nocturnal and only fly at night. They are also attracted to black light traps, but it is not known which sense is responsible for their night flight capabilities. To find mates, the males release a unique pheromone to attract the females. (Ray, et al., 2019; Rodman, et al., 2020; Valdez, et al., 2019)

Food Habits

Velvet longhorned beetles have mandibles for burrowing into wood to reach their food source: the sap and surrounding layers. They are xylophages, meaning their diet consists mainly of wood. They eat for their entire larvae and pupae stages (about 1-2 years) until they emerge as adults. (Everatt, et al., 2015; Rodman, et al., 2020)

  • Plant Foods
  • wood, bark, or stems
  • sap or other plant fluids

Predation

Velvet longhorned beetles spend most of their lives within their hosts (wooden structures) which protect them from predators and pathogens. As adults, they only live for about 15-20 days, so they haven’t developed anti-predator adaptations as far as we know. They are nocturnal and only fly at night. The velvet longhorned beetle does have some natural predators, however, that can get to them while they are larvae or adults. These predators include other types of beetles, carpenter ants, toads, lizards, birds, spiders, scorpions, small mammals, and other animals. They are also susceptible to parasites like chalcid wasps and fungi. (Rodman, et al., 2020; Valdez, et al., 2019)

Ecosystem Roles

The velvet longhorned beetle is an invasive pest. It burrows into wood and trees and while it doesn’t always outright kill them, it definitely harms yield for produce trees. It can also cause the tree or wood to be more susceptible to other insects and infections, harming its lifespan. The marks left behind by the velvet longhorned beetle also affect the marketability of the wood, causing it to be less profitable. (Rodman, et al., 2020; Valdez, et al., 2019; Watson, et al., 2014)

Species Used as Host
  • Apple (Malus spp.)
  • mulberry (Morus spp.)
  • sweet cherry (Prunus avium)
  • peach (Prunus persica)
  • Norway maple (Acer platanoides)
  • membranous milkvetch (Astragalus membranaceus)
  • Himalayan birch (Betula utilis)
  • Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)
  • velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina)
  • walnut (Juglans spp.)
  • Siberian larch (Larix sibirica)
  • paradise apple (Malus pumila)
  • Chinese peony (Paeonia lactiflora)
  • Siberian spruce (Picea obovata)
  • Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia)
  • Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica)
  • pine (Pinus spp.)
  • aspen, cottonwood, and poplar (Populus spp.)
  • apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
  • Chinese sour cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus)
  • oak (Quercus spp.)
  • Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis)
  • willow (Salix spp.)
  • European mountain ash, and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)
  • Japanese pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum)
  • clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
  • Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila)
  • elm (Ulmus spp.)
  • jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)
  • alder (Alnus spp.)
  • birch (Betula spp.)
  • hinoki false cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)
  • persimmon and ebony (Diospyros spp.)
  • Japanese beech (Fagus crenata)
  • Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)
  • Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica)
  • Korean mulberry (Morus australis)
  • Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora)
  • black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
  • raspberry (Rubus idaeus)
  • Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata)
  • grape (Vitis vinifera)
Commensal/Parasitic Species

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

The velvet longhorned beetle has no known positive impacts on humans.

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Velvet longhorned beetles are an invasive pest that can harm crop and fruit yields, tree longevity, and production of wood products (the “galleries” they create negatively impact marketability and profit). (Watson, et al., 2014)

  • Negative Impacts
  • crop pest

Conservation Status

The velvet longhorned beetle is not considered on the IUCN Red list. The velvet longhorned beetle is not classified on the United States Endangered Species Act list. The velvet longhorned beetle is not classified on the CITES appendices. The velvet longhorned beetle is not classified on the State of Michigan List.

Other Comments

There is still research being done to find the best way to control the population of velvet longhorned beetles. (Rodman, et al., 2020)

Contributors

Jade Collins (author), Colorado State University, Amy Bagby (editor), Colorado State University.

Glossary

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.

World Map

Palearctic

living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.

World Map

agricultural

living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.

bilateral symmetry

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

chemical

uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

ectothermic

animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature

fertilization

union of egg and spermatozoan

forest

forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.

herbivore

An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.

introduced

referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.

metamorphosis

A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.

monogamous

Having one mate at a time.

motile

having the capacity to move from one place to another.

native range

the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

nocturnal

active during the night

oviparous

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.

pheromones

chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species

riparian

Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).

scrub forest

scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.

seasonal breeding

breeding is confined to a particular season

sedentary

remains in the same area

semelparous

offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.

sexual

reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female

solitary

lives alone

suburban

living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.

tactile

uses touch to communicate

temperate

that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).

terrestrial

Living on the ground.

urban

living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity.

visual

uses sight to communicate

References

Everatt, M., C. Malumphy, J. Ostoja-Starzewski. 2015. "Mulberry longhorn beetle Trichoferus campestris" (On-line). Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs. Accessed July 05, 2023 at https://planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk/assets/factsheets/trichoferus-campestris.pdf.

Iwata, R., F. Yamada. 1990. Notes on the biology of Hesperophanes campestris (Faldermann) (Col., Cerambycidae), a drywood borer in Japan. Material und Organismen, 25: 305-313. Accessed July 05, 2023 at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ryutaro-Iwata/publication/331673415_Notes_on_the_biology_of_Hesperophanes_campestris_Faldermann_Col_Cerambycidae_a_drywood_borer_in_Japan/links/5c8762daa6fdcc88c39c0d14/Notes-on-the-biology-of-Hesperophanes-campestris-Faldermann-Col-Cerambycidae-a-drywood-borer-in-Japan.pdf.

Ray, A., J. Francese, Y. Zou, K. Watson, D. Crook, J. Millar. 2019. Isolation and identification of a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone for the velvet longhorned beetle, Trichoferus campestris. Scientific Reports, 9: 1-10. Accessed July 05, 2023 at https://doi-org.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/10.1038/s41598-019-41047-x.

Rodman, T., L. Spears, D. Alston, C. Cannon, K. Watson, J. Caputo. 2020. "Velvet Longhorned Beetle Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann)" (On-line). Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Accessed July 07, 2023 at https://extension.usu.edu/pests/caps/files/velvet-longhorned-beetle-2020.pdf.

Valdez, R., J. Francese, A. Ray. 2019. "Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Pest Datasheet for Trichoferus campestris (Cerambycidae): Velvet longhorned beetle" (On-line). Purdue University. Accessed July 05, 2023 at https://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3869.

Watson, K., C. Pratt, J. Caputo. 2014. "Total Records of Velvet Longhorn Beetle Trichoferus campestris Faldermann (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from Utah" (On-line). Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. Accessed July 05, 2023 at https://ag.utah.gov/documents/Insect_Velvet_Longhorn_Beetle.pdf.

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