By Deborah Ciszek
Geographic Range
Bobcats are found throughout North America from southern Canada to southern Mexico. In the United States population densities are much higher in the southeastern region than in the western states.
Habitat
Bobcats can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, semi-deserts, mountains, and brushland. They sleep in hidden dens, often in hollow trees, thickets, or rocky crevices.
These animals are found in the following types of habitat:
temperate 
.
Terrestrial Biomes:
desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; mountains .
Physical Description
(8.8 to 33 lbs)
(25.59 to 41.34 in)
Bobcats range in length from 65 to 105 cm, with the tail adding an extra 11 to 19 cm (bobcats got their name because of their short tails). They are 45 to 58 cm high at the shoulder and weigh between 4 and 15 kg.
Bobcat fur can be various shades of buff and brown, with dark brown or black stripes and spots on some parts of the body. The tip of the tail and the backs of the ears are black. They have short ear tufts, and ruffs of hair on the side of the head, giving the appearance of sideburns.
Some key physical features:
endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry .
Reproduction
Bobcats breed once yearly.
Bobcats mate in early spring.
The mating system of bobcats is similar to that of domestic cats. Males and females only associate for the brief time required for courtship and copulation, and both males and females may have multiple partners.
Mating systems:
polygynandrous (promiscuous) .
Bobcats usually mate in the early spring, although the timing is variable. After a gestation of 60 to 70 days, a litter of about 3 kittens is born. The young open their eyes for the first time when they are 10 days old, and they nurse through their second month. Young bobcats disperse during the winter, when they are about 8 months old.
Key reproductive features:
iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous .
All female eutherian mammals provide nourishment to their young before birth through the placenta. After the young are born, the mother's milk provides them with further nourishment. Female bobcats bring meat to their young and teach them how to hunt after they are weaned, staying with them for almost a year. Male bobcats do not help raise their offspring.
Parental investment:
altricial ; pre-fertilization (provisioning, protecting: female); pre-hatching/birth (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-weaning/fledging (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-independence (provisioning: female, protecting: female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning.
Lifespan/Longevity
[External Source: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research]
Bobcats live up to 12 years in the wild. In captivity, they may live up to 32 years. (Kurta, 1995)
Behavior
Like many felids, bobcats are solitary animals. The male and female interact almost exclusively during the mating season. These cats rarely vocalize, although they often yowl and hiss during the mating season.
Bobcats are basically terrestrial and nocturnal, although they are good climbers and are often active at dusk as well as during the night.
Home Range
Bobcats are territorial, using urine, feces, and anal gland secretions to deliniate home ranges that are one to several square kilometers in size. A successful male's home range overlaps with those of several females, and may also overlap the territory of another male. The home ranges of females, which are smaller than those of the males, do not overlap one another.
Key behaviors:
nocturnal ; motile ; solitary ; territorial .
Communication and Perception
Bobcats mark their territories with scent to repel intruders. They make various yowling sounds to communicate with one another during the breeding season. Like all felids, bobcats have excellent vision and hearing and a well-developed sense of smell.
Other communication keywords:
scent marks .
Food Habits
Bobcats are strictly meat eaters. Stealthy hunters, they stalk their prey, then pounce and (if successful) kill with a bite to the vertebrae of the neck. They hunt rodents, rabbits, small ungulates, large ground birds, and sometimes reptiles. They occasionally eat small domesticated animals and poultry.
Primary Diet:
carnivore (eats terrestrial vertebrates).
Animal Foods:
birds; mammals; reptiles.
Predation
Bobcat kittens are preyed upon by foxes, coyotes, and large owls. Humans are the only real threat to adult bobcats. (Kurta, 1995)
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Bobcats occasionally eat small domesticated animals, which has resulted in attempts to eradicate them in some areas. In the southeastern United States, bobcats are becoming increasingly habituated to urban and suburban settings, though their reclusive ways make it unlikely that they will be seen.
On rare occasions humans are attacked by bobcats.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
In the past bobcats were extensively hunted and trapped for their valuable pelts.
Ways that people benefit from these animals:
body parts are source of valuable material.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: [link]:
Least Concern.
US Federal List: [link]:
Endangered.
CITES: [link]:
Appendix II.
State of Michigan List: [link]:
No special status.
Bobcats are listed in CITES Appendix II.
The subspecies Lynx rufus escuinapae (the Mexican bobcat) is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This subspecies is confined to central Mexico.
There are probably almost one million bobcats living in the United States. In some areas they are quite rare, while in others they have stable and sometimes dense populations. Hence some states allow regulated hunting, while in others they are protected.
Contributors
Deborah Ciszek (author), University of Michigan.
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
Allison Poor (editor), University of Michigan.
