By Nicole Whipple
Geographic Range
Cape mole rats are found in the southwestern and southern parts of the Cape of Good Hope Province in South Africa. (Nowak, 1999)
Biogeographic Regions:
ethiopian 
.
Habitat
Details of the habitat of this species are lacking in the literature. They apparently occur in areas where the soil is hard, and where tubers are available for food. They can be destructive to tuber crops, so they must be found in agrigultural areas. (Nowak, 1999)
These animals are found in the following types of habitat:
temperate .
Terrestrial Biomes:
savanna or grassland .
Other:
agricultural .
Physical Description
(6.37 oz)
(5.91 to 8.07 in)
Georychus capensis has a body length of 150 to 205 mm with a tail addint and additional 15 to 40 mm. Body mass averages about 181.8 g for males and 180.0 g for females. There is variation, however, and individuals may weigh as much as 350 g. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
These animals have short limbs and a thick-set body. They have long, thick, fluffy pelage that can completely conceal the tail. The tail looks flattened due to hair along the sides. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
They are buff to buff-orange in color with a lighter underside. The hands, feet, and tail of G. capensis are white and they have black or dark brown markings, with white spots on the face. The ears are round with thickened skin and there is a reduction of the eyes, ears and tail due to their fossorial existence. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
The claws are relatively weak (considering they are burrowers) and both the claws and front feet are not well adapted to digging. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
The incisors are used to loosen the dirt and the claws and front feet are used to move the loosened soil. The incisors are prominent and are not grooved. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
It is normal for cape mole rats to have 3 pairs of mammae but 4 are not unusual. (Nowak, 1999)
Some key physical features:
endothermic ; bilateral symmetry .
Sexual dimorphism: male larger.
Reproduction
These animals breed only during the months of August to December, and can produce up to two litters during that time.
Breeding takes place between August amd December.
Information on the mating system of G. capensis is not available. However, the beginning to the breeding season is signaled when males begin drumming. This behavior is apparently intended to signal females. (Nowak, 1999)
Breeding in cape mole rats occurs from August to December. Males call the females by drumming with their hind feet. This drumming usually occurs in June and marks the beginning of the breeding period. Gestation lasts 44 days. Females experience a postpartum estrus and can produce two litters during the season. (Nowak, 1999)
Cape mole rats produce an averag of 5.9 young per litter, although they may produce as few as 3 and as many as 10. Young are unfurred at birth, measure 30 to 40 mm, and weigh between 5 and 12 g. (Nowak, 1999)
The young develop quickly. Their eyes are open and the fur has grown in completely by the age of 9 days. By 17 days of age, young mole rats can eat solid food. Siblings become aggressive to one another, and disperse from their home by 60 days of age. Adult size is reached by the age of 260 days and young of the previous year breed before their first birthday. (Nowak, 1999)
Key reproductive features:
iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous.
There are usually 3 to 10 young, born naked. The young are 30 to 40 mm long. The are weaned around the time they start eating solid food, at 17 days of age. No reports of male parental care exist, so it is likely that all care comes from the mother, who provides her offspring with protection, grooming, and milk. (Nowak, 1999)
Parental investment:
no parental involvement; altricial ; pre-fertilization (protecting: female); pre-hatching/birth (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-weaning/fledging (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-independence (protecting: female).
Lifespan/Longevity
Georychus capensis may live as long as 3 years in the wild. (Nowak, 1999)
Behavior
Cape mole rats are solitary animals as adults. Males and females build separate burrows of which they are extremely defensive. Intruding conspecifics can be detected by changes in air currents. Males use drumming of their hind feet as a territorial signal. Burrow systems of individuals will come close to each other (within one meter) but never intersect. (Mason and Narinsa, 2001; Nowak, 1999)
If strange adults are put together in captivity, they will fight, probably until death unless they are separated. These animals are only social during the reproductive season. (Mason and Narinsa, 2001; Nowak, 1999)
Georychus capensis is mainly a burrowing animal which spends most of its time underground. The incisors are used more for digging than are the claws. Cape mole rats have extensive burrow systems that may underlie 5 to 10 percent of a field. Mounds from excavation of soil may cover 8 to 20 percent of a field. The line of excavation is distinctly marked by the mounds formed where the earth has been thrown out of the burrow by the animal periodically. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
Home Range
The size of a burrow system has not been reported.
Key behaviors:
fossorial ; motile ; sedentary ; solitary ; territorial .
Communication and Perception
The most well studied aspect of communication in this species is foot drumming. Foot drumming is used by males to call females during the breeding season, but it can also be used to warn other animals that a burrow is occupied. Foot drumming contains both auditory and seismic components. Seismic vibrations have been shown to propagate at least an order of magnitude better than airborne sound between the burrow systems of G. capensis. It is more sensible that cape mole rats use seismic signals over auditory communication because seismic signals travel better and farther underground. It is not know how detection of seismic waves is accomplished in this species, although it is theorized that it is a form of bone conduction. Vocal communication is used, but usually only when the animals are in close proximity to each other. (Mason and Narinsa, 2001)
Chemical signaling and the sense of smell are probably used as well. Tactile communication occurs between mates, rivals, and between mothers and their young. Although this species has eyes, it is unlikely, given their fossorial existence, that they use many visual signals in communication.
Other communication keywords:
vibrations .
Perception channels:
visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical .
Food Habits
The diet of cape mole rats consists almost exclusively of below ground plant parts, although they have been know to ingest insects, especially ants. The main burrow of G. capensis is used for food storage of tubers, roots, and bulbs. Cape mole rats have been know to bite off the buds of bulbs and tubers to stop them from growing. (Nowak, 1999; Reichman and Jarvis, 1989)
Primary Diet:
herbivore (eats sap or other plant foods).
Animal Foods:
insects.
Plant Foods:
roots and tubers.
Foraging Behaviors:
stores or caches food .
Predation
No information could be found on predation in cape mole rats. It is likely that these animals do experience predation, probably by snakes, or by other animals capable of entering their burrows or digging them up.
Ecosystem Roles
Cape mole rats feed on tubors and roots and may affect plant communities. Their burrowing behavior probably helps to aerate the soil. (Nowak, 1999)
Key ways these animals impact their ecosystem:
soil aeration .
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Cape mole rats can have a negative impact on agricultural fields and crops. (Nowak, 1999)
Ways that these animals might be a problem for humans:
crop pest.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
No information could be found on economic importance of cape mole rats.
Conservation Status
Cape mole rats are not listed by IUCN or CITES.
Contributors
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
Nicole Whipple (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Chris Yahnke (editor, instructor), University of Wisconsin Stevens Point.
