Animal Diversity Web

Ge­o­graphic Range

Stiretrus an­chor­ago oc­curs in the Nearc­tic Re­gion from New Eng­land and On­tario south to Florida and Mex­ico. Its range ex­tends as far west as Iowa, Kansas, and Texas. It has also been re­ported from Cal­i­for­nia. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982)

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic
  • native

Habi­tat

Stiretrus an­chor­ago can be found pri­mar­ily in open areas, in­clud­ing waste areas, old fields and agri­cul­tural fields, where it often feeds on pest her­bi­vores. It also oc­curs along the mar­gins of ham­mocks and swales in Florida. (Blatch­ley, 1926; Howard and Lan­dis, 1936; McPher­son and Mohlen­brock, 1976; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1975)

• Habitat Regions
• temperate
• terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• savanna or grassland

• Wetlands
• marsh

• Other Habitat Features
• suburban
• agricultural
• riparian

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

Adult: Stiretrus an­chor­ago is a strik­ing species of stink bug with quite vari­able col­oration. The color ranges from solid steel blue (form vi­o­laceus) to blue-black with red, or­ange and cream mark­ings on the prono­tum, scutel­lum, and sides of ab­domen (form an­chor­ago - mainly north­ern), to red­dish brown with mainly yel­low mark­ings (form fim­bria­tus - mainly south­ern). Other color vari­ants are known, in­clud­ing form per­son­atus, with a red prono­tum, a wide, blue-black me­dian stripe ex­tend­ing from the front of the prono­tum to the tip of the scutel­lum, and two spots on each side of the prono­tum. The species is eas­ily dis­tin­guished by the scutel­lum, which is un­usu­ally large and U-shaped, nearly reach­ing the end of the ab­domen, and re­sem­bling a shield bug (Scutel­leri­dae). (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Eggs: The eggs are darkly pig­mented, nearly black, from 1.24 to 1.35 mm in length (mean = 1.30 mm) and 0.86 to 1.13 mm in di­am­e­ter (mean = 1.03 mm). Their up­right shape is oval, being widest at the mid­dle. They have ser­rated ridges in a retic­u­lated pat­tern. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

First In­star: The ear­li­est in­star is 1.24 to 1.35 mm (mean 1.31 mm) long and 1.27 to 1.30 mm (mean 1.28 mm) wide. It is round or oval and widest at the third or fourth ab­dom­i­nal seg­ment. The dor­sal sur­face is mainly fus­cous, with a red­dish-or­ange me­dian mark­ing and red­dish-or­ange eyes. The ven­tral sur­face is red­dish-or­ange. The legs are fus­cous. The an­ten­nae are four-seg­mented, about 1.10 mm long and lighter col­ored than the head. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Sec­ond in­star: The sec­ond in­star is 2.27 to 2.43 mm (mean 2.37 mm) long and 2.19 to 2.30 mm (mean 2.23 mm) wide. The shape is sim­i­lar to the first in­star. The en­tire dor­sal sur­face is black, and the eyes are bright red. The ven­tral sur­face is mainly red­dish-or­ange. The legs are pale yel­low, ex­cept for the coxae, the prox­i­mal half of the femora, and dis­tal half of the sec­ond tar­sus, which are all fus­cous. The an­ten­nae are 1.84 mm long. The first and last seg­ments are fus­cous, and the mid­dle two are pale. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Third in­star: This stage is 3.46 to 3.89 mm long (mean 3.73 mm) and 3.24 to 3.29 mm wide (mean 3.26 mm). The col­oration is very sim­i­lar to the sec­ond in­star, but the legs are en­tirely pale ex­cept the dis­tal third of the sec­ond tar­sus, and the basal seg­ment of the an­tenna is pale. The an­ten­nal length is 2.49 mm. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Fourth in­star: The fourth in­star is 4.75 o t5.35 mm long (mean 5.00 mm) and 4.21 to 4.64 mm wide (mean 4.44 mm). The col­oration is ba­si­cally iden­ti­cal to the third in­star, but the forewing pads ex­tend to the cau­dal edge of the metater­gum. The an­ten­nal length is 3.37 mm. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Fifth in­star: The final nymphal in­star is 6.48 to 8.32 mm long (mean 7.16 mm) and 5.29 to 5.89 mm wide (mean 5.58 mm). The head col­oration is sim­i­lar to the third and fourth in­stars, with the an­ten­nal length 4.39 mm. The tho­rax is mainly black dor­sally, with a yel­low, tri­an­gu­lar, me­dian mark on the mesotho­rax, and some­times with yel­low­ish lat­eral spots on the pro- and mesotho­rax. The forewing pads ex­tend to the mid­dle of the third ab­dom­i­nal seg­ment, with the hind­wing pads vis­i­ble be­tween them. The legs are sim­i­lar to the fourth in­star. The dor­sal ab­domen is still black, but the ven­tral sur­face is yel­low-or­ange, with five me­dian spots. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic
• bilateral symmetry
• polymorphic

• Sexual Dimorphism
• female larger

• Range length

  7 to 11.5 mm

  0.28 to 0.45 in

De­vel­op­ment

Stiretrus an­chor­ago has in­com­plete meta­mor­pho­sis typ­i­cal of true bugs (Hemiptera). The egg stage lasts 8 to 11 days, first in­star 4 to 8 days, sec­ond in­star 3 to 8 days, third in­star 3 to 7 days, fourth in­star 4 to 6 days, and the fifth in­star 7 to 15 days. There is no in­for­ma­tion on the length of the adult stage. The species is pre­sumed to be bi­vol­tine over most of its range be­cause of the ap­pear­ance of adults twice dur­ing the sea­son. Adults di­a­pause over win­ter and start lay­ing eggs early in the spring. The sec­ond gen­er­a­tion starts egg-lay­ing in late May or early June. Fe­males lay sev­eral egg masses, with about 4 days in be­tween each mass. The eggs are laid in a dou­ble row, with a mean of 11.4 eggs per mass. The first in­star hatches and re­mains near the eggs with­out feed­ing. After molt­ing to the sec­ond in­star, the nymphs be­come preda­tors on smaller in­sects and this con­tin­ues through the adult stage. Nymphs stop feed­ing for about 2 days be­fore each molt. (Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Re­bagliati, et al., 2005; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

This species has 14 chro­mo­some pairs, which is the most com­mon num­ber for species in their order (Pen­tato­mi­dae). Males have XY chro­mo­somes, while fe­males have XX chro­mo­somes. (Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Re­bagliati, et al., 2005; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

• Development - Life Cycle
• metamorphosis
• diapause

Re­pro­duc­tion

Stiretrus an­chor­ago has two gen­er­a­tions per year over most of its range. Both males and fe­males will have mul­ti­ple mat­ings with dif­fer­ent in­di­vid­u­als. In­di­vid­u­als are oth­er­wise soli­tary. (Aldrich, et al., 1986; Kochan­sky, et al., 1989; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

Re­cently, it has been de­ter­mined that males have a pheromone-pro­duc­ing struc­ture on the un­der­side of the ab­domen. This con­sists of a set of vel­vety patches of darker color. These patches emit 6,10,13-trimethyl-1-tetrade­canol, with a small amount of other com­po­nents. This com­pound has been shown to at­tract both males and fe­males in the field, but they rarely ap­proach closely to the source. Ev­i­dently there are other im­por­tant cues need for the final at­trac­tion, pos­si­bly vis­i­ble cues. (Aldrich, et al., 1986; Kochan­sky, et al., 1989; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

• Mating System
• polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Adults breed and lay eggs con­tin­u­ously while alive. Fe­males lay a mean of 11.4 eggs per mass, with at least one fe­male recorded lay­ing 6 masses, for a total of about 68 to 70 eggs per fe­male. Al­though gen­er­a­tions may over­lap, there are two gen­er­a­tions per year, with the first gen­er­a­tion re­pro­duc­ing from early spring through May and the sec­ond gen­er­a­tion re­pro­duc­ing from late May or early June through fall. Im­ma­tures are in­de­pen­dent, the only adult con­tri­bu­tion being nu­tri­ents in the egg. Re­pro­duc­tion is only known to be sex­ual, with in­ter­nal fer­til­iza­tion of ova. (Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous
• seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• fertilization
  • internal
• oviparous

• Breeding interval

  Individuals breed continuously as adults, with adults occurring early in the season through about June and starting again in early August. Females lay eggs about every 4 days during the mating season.

• Breeding season

  Adults mate continuously while alive, from early in season to about June, and then from early August into the fall.

• Average eggs per season

  about 68-70

• Range gestation period

  8 to 11 days

There is es­sen­tially no parental in­vest­ment in this species, ex­cept nu­tri­ents de­posited in eggs. (Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974)

• Parental Investment
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female

Lifes­pan/Longevity

In­di­vid­u­als of Stiretrus an­chor­ago live no more than a few weeks to months. Under cap­tive rear­ing the egg stage lasts 8 to 11 days, first in­star 4 to 8 days, sec­ond in­star 3 to 8 days, third in­star 3 to 7 days, fourth in­star 4 to 6 days, and fifth in­star 7 to 15 days. No data are avail­able on the length of adult life in this species, but adults have been re­ported from through­out the sum­mer, in­di­cat­ing an over­lap of the gen­er­a­tions, and an in­di­ca­tion that in­di­vid­u­als live at least a few weeks as adults. The last gen­er­a­tion of the year over­win­ters as adults, and thus has a longer adult lifes­pan, al­though mostly in­ac­tive. (McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971)

Be­hav­ior

Stiretrus an­chor­ago is a soli­tary species. It ac­tively moves through its en­vi­ron­ment seek­ing prey. Al­though it has fully de­vel­oped wings as an adult it doesn't gen­er­ally fly, as is true of most stink bugs. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982)

• Key Behaviors
• flies
• diurnal
• motile
• hibernation
• solitary

Home Range

This species does not ex­hibit ter­ri­to­r­ial be­hav­ior and has no de­fined home range. It moves freely through­out its habi­tat. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Rich­man and Mead, 2008)

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

As with many in­sects, this species ap­par­ently com­mu­ni­cates mainly by using ol­fac­tion and vi­sion. Males are known to re­lease a pheromone that at­tracts fe­males (and other males), but at­tracted in­di­vid­u­als do not ap­proach closely to ar­ti­fi­cial sources of the pheromone, and it is pre­sumed that they use vi­sual at­trac­tion at close range. Al­though this has not been stud­ied, the species pre­sum­ably uses its an­ten­nae for ol­fac­tion (typ­i­cal of in­sects), and prob­a­bly de­tects po­ten­tial prey item using largely scent and, at close range, vi­sion. Typ­i­cal of all stink bugs, this species has tho­racic glands that pro­duce a musty odor when han­dled, pre­sum­ably as an anti-preda­tor mech­a­nism. (Aldrich, et al., 1986; Blatch­ley, 1926; Kochan­sky, et al., 1989; McPher­son, 1982; Re­bagliati, et al., 2005; Stad­don, 1979)

• Communication Channels
• visual
• chemical

• Other Communication Modes
• pheromones

• Perception Channels
• visual
• chemical

Food Habits

First in­stars of this species do not feed, but ev­i­dently need a source of water for sur­vival. Stiretrus an­chor­ago is a preda­tor from the sec­ond in­star through adult­hood. It is known to be an in­sec­ti­vore, feed­ing on the lar­vae of Lep­i­doptera and Coleoptera. It con­sumes lar­vae by stab­bing them with its beak (ros­trum), se­cret­ing di­ges­tive en­zymes, and then suck­ing back the di­gested con­tents. In the Lep­i­doptera, it has been found feed­ing on black swal­low­tails (Pa­pilio polyx­enes), sleepy or­anges (Eu­rema nicippe), Bal­ti­more check­erspots (Eu­phydryas phaeton), soy­bean loop­ers (Pseudo­plu­sia in­clu­dens), cab­bage loop­ers (Tri­choplu­sia ni), gypsy moths (Ly­man­tria dis­par), and tent cater­pil­lars (Mala­co­soma amer­i­canum). Among bee­tles (Coleoptera), it has been recorded feed­ing on the lar­vae of al­fafa wee­vils (Hy­pera pos­tica), Mex­i­can bean bee­tles (Epi­lachna varivestis), squash bee­tles (Epi­lachna bo­re­alis), Col­orado potato bee­tles (Lep­tino­tarsa de­cem­lin­eata), sumac flea bee­tles (Ble­phar­ida rhois), green tor­tise bee­tles (Nu­zo­nia pal­lidula), rag­weed leaf bee­tles (Zy­gogramma su­tu­ralis), leaf bee­tles (Zy­gogramma het­erothe­cae), spot­ted as­para­gus bee­tles (Crio­ceris as­paragi), cot­ton­wood leaf bee­tles (Chrysomela scripta), and elm leaf bee­tles (Xan­thogaleruca lu­te­ola). At least one species of tor­toise bee­tle (Hemis­phaerota cyanea) uses long strands of frass to pro­tect it­self from some preda­tors, and Stiretrus an­chor­ago is de­terred by this de­fense, so not all Chrysomel­i­dae are used as prey. (Blatch­ley, 1926; Dietz, et al., 1976; Eis­ner and Eis­ner, 2000; Hayslip, et al., 1953; Howard and Lan­dis, 1936; McPher­son and Mohlen­brock, 1976; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Rich­man, 1977; Scholtens, 1990; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1975)

Ob­ser­va­tions of adults prob­ing the flow­ers of gold­en­rod may in­di­cate some nec­tar feed­ing, but this has not been con­firmed. (Blatch­ley, 1926; Dietz, et al., 1976; Eis­ner and Eis­ner, 2000; Hayslip, et al., 1953; Howard and Lan­dis, 1936; McPher­son and Mohlen­brock, 1976; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man and Whit­comb, 1978; Rich­man, 1977; Scholtens, 1990; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1975)

• Primary Diet
• carnivore
  • insectivore

• Animal Foods
• insects

Pre­da­tion

Typ­i­cal of all stink bugs, this species has tho­racic glands that pro­duce a musty odor when han­dled, pre­sum­ably as an anti-preda­tor mech­a­nism. No preda­tors have been recorded. (Eger and Ables, 1981; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971)

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• aposematic

• Known Predators

  • tachinid flies (Cylindromyia fumipennis)

Ecosys­tem Roles

This species is one of many fairly gen­er­al­ist in­sect preda­tors that feed by using suck­ing mouth­parts to take in nu­tri­ents from a prey item. It may have an im­pact in some agri­cul­tural set­tings, where it can be fairly com­mon. It is most likely to have an im­pact on the spe­cific bee­tle, moth, or but­ter­fly pop­u­la­tions that it uti­lizes as its main food sources, but it was only a minor source of mor­tal­ity in one de­tailed study of sur­vivor­ship in the Bal­ti­more check­erspot but­ter­fly (Eu­phydryas phaeton). It also serves as a host for ta­chinid flies (Cylin­dromyia fu­mipen­nis). The ta­chinid fly was reared from adults twice, with the lar­vae emerg­ing from the adult bug, form­ing its pupa, and emerg­ing about 10 days later. (Blatch­ley, 1926; Eger and Ables, 1981; Hayslip, et al., 1953; Howard and Lan­dis, 1936; McPher­son, 1982; Oet­ting and Yonke, 1971; Rich­man, 1977; Scholtens, 1990; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1975)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

There may be some ben­e­fit that this species pro­vides in agri­cul­tural fields, at least in south­ern parts of the United States. It has been noted as a preda­tor in both soy­bean and al­falfa fields and is known to con­sume major her­bi­vores on these crops. No con­trolled stud­ies have doc­u­mented a sig­nif­i­cant pos­i­tive ef­fect on pro­duc­tion. (De­Coursey and Allen, 1968; Hayslip, et al., 1953; Howard and Lan­dis, 1936; McPher­son, 1982; Rich­man and Mead, 2008; Rich­man, 1977; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1974; Wad­dill and Shep­ard, 1975)

• Positive Impacts
• controls pest population

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

There is no in­di­ca­tion that this species has a neg­a­tive im­pact on hu­mans. Peo­ple may oc­ca­sion­ally ex­pe­ri­ence the musty odor emit­ted from the "stink" glands, but this causes no real dis­com­fort. (Blatch­ley, 1926; McPher­son, 1982; Stad­don, 1979)

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Stiretrus an­chor­ago is not listed as an en­dan­gered or threat­ened species on any in­ter­na­tional, na­tional, or state lists.

• IUCN Red List

  Not Evaluated

• US Federal List

  No special status

• CITES

  No special status

• State of Michigan List

  No special status

Con­trib­u­tors

Brian Scholtens (au­thor, ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan Bi­o­log­i­cal Sta­tion, Cather­ine Kent (ed­i­tor), Spe­cial Pro­jects.

Ref­er­ences

Aldrich, J., J. Oliver, W. Lusby, J. Kochan­sky. 1986. Iden­ti­fi­ca­tion of male-spe­cific ex­ocrine se­cre­tions from preda­tory stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pen­tato­mi­dae). Archives of In­sect Bio­chem­istry and Phys­i­ol­ogy, 3: 1-12.

Blatch­ley, W. 1926. Het­eroptera or true bugs of east­ern North Amer­ica with es­pe­cial ref­er­ence to the fau­nas of In­di­ana and Florida. In­di­anapo­lis, IN: Na­ture Pub­li­ca­tion Com­pany.

De­Coursey, R., R. Allen. 1968. A generic key to the nymphs of the Pen­tato­mi­dae of the east­ern United States (Hemiptera: Het­eroptera). Uni­ver­sity of Con­necti­cut Oc­ca­sional Pa­pers (Bi­o­log­i­cal Sci­ence Se­ries), 1: 141-151.

Dietz, L., J. Van Duyn, J. Bradley, R. Rabb, W. Brooks, R. Stin­ner. 1976. A guide to the iden­ti­fi­ca­tion and bi­ol­ogy of soy­bean arthro­pods in North Car­olina. North Car­olina Agri­cul­tural Ex­per­i­ment Sta­tion Tech­ni­cal Bul­letin, 238: 1-264.

Eger, J., J. Ables. 1981. Par­a­sitism of Pen­tato­mi­dae by Ta­chinidae in South Car­olina and Texas. South­west­ern En­to­mol­o­gist, 6: 28-33.

Eis­ner, T., M. Eis­ner. 2000. De­fen­sive use of a fecal thatch by a bee­tle larva (Hemis­phaerota cyanea). Pro­ceed­ings of the Na­tional Acad­emy of Sci­ences, 97: 2632-2636.

Hayslip, N., W. Ge­nung, E. Kelsheimer, J. Wil­son. 1953. In­sects at­tack­ing cab­bage and other cru­cifers in Florida. Uni­ver­sity of Florida Agri­cul­tural Ex­per­i­ment Sta­tion Bul­letin, 534: 1-57.

Howard, N., B. Lan­dis. 1936. Par­a­sites and preda­tors of the Mex­i­can bean bee­tle in the United States. U.S. De­part­ment of Agri­cul­ture Cir­cu­lar, 418: 1-12.

Kochan­sky, J., J. Aldrich, W. Lusby. 1989. Syn­the­sis and pheromonal ac­tiv­ity of 6,10,13-trimethyl-1-tetrade­conal for preda­tory stink bug, Stiretrus an­chor­ago (Het­eroptera: Pen­tato­mi­dae). Jour­nal of Chem­i­cal Ecol­ogy, 15: 1717-1728.

McPher­son, J. 1982. The Pen­tato­moidea (Hemiptera) of north­east­ern North Amer­ica with em­pha­sis on the fauna of Illi­nois. Car­bon­dale, IL: South­ern Illi­nois Uni­ver­sity Press.

McPher­son, J., R. Mohlen­brock. 1976. A list of the Scutelleroidea of the La Rue-Pine Hills Eco­log­i­cal Area with notes on bi­ol­ogy. Great Lakes En­to­mol­o­gist, 9: 125-169.

Mil­lar, J. 2005. Pheromones of true bugs. Top­ics in Cur­rent Chem­istry, 240: 37-84.

Oet­ting, R., T. Yonke. 1971. Im­ma­ture stages and bi­ol­ogy of Podisus placidus and Stiretrus fim­bria­tus (Hemiptera: Pen­tato­mi­dae). Cana­dian En­to­mol­o­gist, 103: 1505-1516.

Re­bagliati, P., L. Mola, A. Pa­peschi, J. Grazia. 2005. Cy­to­ge­netic stud­ies in Pen­tato­mi­dae (Het­eroptera): A re­view. Jour­nal of Zo­o­log­i­cal Sys­tem­at­ics and Evo­lu­tion­ary Re­search, 43: 199-213.

Rich­man, D. 1977. Pre­da­tion on the al­falfa wee­vil, Hy­pera pos­tica (Gyl­len­hal), by Stiretrus an­chor­ago (F.) (Hemiptera: Pen­tato­mi­dae). Florida En­to­mol­o­gist, 60: 192.

Rich­man, D., F. Mead. 2008. "Preda­tory stink bug, Stiretrus an­chor­ago (Fabri­cius) (In­secta: Hemiptera: Pen­tato­mi­dae)" (On-line pdf). Ac­cessed June 13, 2012 at edis.​ifas.​ufl.​edu/​pdffiles/​IN/​IN38600.​pdf.

Rich­man, D., W. Whit­comb. 1978. Com­par­a­tive life cy­cles of four species of preda­tory stink bugs. Florida En­to­mol­o­gist, 61: 113-119.

Scholtens, B. 1990. Pre-alight­ing host plant lo­ca­tion in the Bal­ti­more check­erspot but­ter­fly, Eu­phydryas phaeton, and its im­pli­ca­tions for host range evo­lu­tion in but­ter­flies. Ann Arbor, MI: Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan.

Stad­don, B. 1979. The scent glands of Het­eroptera. Ad­vances in In­sect Phys­i­ol­ogy, 14: 351-418.

Wad­dill, V., M. Shep­ard. 1975. A com­par­i­son of pre­da­tion by the pen­tato­mids, Podisus ma­c­uliven­tris (Say) and Stiretrus an­chor­ago (F.), on the Mex­i­can bean bee­tle, Epi­lachna varivestis Mul­sant. An­nals of the En­to­mo­log­i­cal So­ci­ety of Amer­ica, 68: 1023-1027.

Wad­dill, V., M. Shep­ard. 1974. Bi­ol­ogy of a preda­ceous stink bug, Stiretrus an­chor­ago, (Hemiptera: Pen­tato­mi­dae). Florida En­to­mol­o­gist, 57: 249-253.