Rhinichthys cataractaeGreat Lakes longnose dace(Also: Longnose dace)

Ge­o­graphic Range

Long­nose dace (Rhinichthys catarac­tae) have the widest ge­o­graphic dis­tri­b­u­tion of any mem­ber of the Cyprinidae fam­ily (Jenk­ins and Burk­head, 1994). The dis­tri­b­u­tion spans much of North Amer­ica, rang­ing from the At­lantic coast to the Pa­cific Ocean and from north­ern Mex­ico to the Arc­tic Cir­cle in north­ern Canada. (Jenk­ins and Burk­head, 1994)

Habi­tat

Pop­u­la­tions of long­nose dace use dif­fer­ent niches based on local habi­tat con­di­tions. Dif­fer­ent habi­tat avail­abil­ity as well as the pres­ence or ab­sence of com­pet­ing species dri­ves pop­u­la­tions into dif­fer­ent pat­terns of niche use. Long­nose dace are found in fast-flow­ing, cold water. Most pop­u­la­tions are found in stream rif­fles. When in lakes, they are typ­i­cally in the tur­bu­lent surge zone less than 10 m deep, where out­flow from a river mixes with lake water (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). An­other char­ac­ter­is­tic of long­nose dace habi­tat is rocky or gravel sub­strate (McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970; Cooper, 1980). Brazo et al. (1978) re­ported sim­i­lar sub­strate pref­er­ences in lake-dwelling pop­u­la­tions, where long­nose dace pre­fer gravel sub­strates over sandy habi­tats. Streams they in­habit tend to be small creeks and rivers with shal­low pools as well as an abun­dance of fast-flow­ing rif­fles; sim­i­lar to "trout streams" (Reed, 1959). Young long­nose dace are found in shal­low pools for the first four months fol­low­ing hatch­ing (Reed 1959). Pools are also used by adults in the ab­sence of com­pet­ing species (Ed­wards, Li, and Schreck, 1983). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Cooper, 1980; Ed­wards, et al., 1983; McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970; Reed, 1959)

  • Aquatic Biomes
  • benthic
  • lakes and ponds
  • rivers and streams
  • Range depth
    <1 to 10 m
    to 32.81 ft
  • Average depth
    <1 m
    ft

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

Long­nose dace are typ­i­cally dark olive-brown with a lighter yel­low-tan ven­ter (Page and Burr, 1991). A dark lat­eral stripe, pre­sent in ju­ve­niles, fades as the fish ma­tures. This is a good dis­tin­guish­ing char­ac­ter­is­tic be­tween long­nose dace and their close rel­a­tives, blac­knose dace (Rhinichthys atrat­u­lus), which main­tain their dark lat­eral stripe through­out their life­time (Page and Burr, 1991). Other iden­ti­fy­ing char­ac­ter­is­tics in­clude a sub-ter­mi­nal mouth with a fleshy snout pro­ject­ing far be­yond the mouth. A small bar­bel is also pre­sent near the cor­ner of the mouth (Gold­stein and Simon, 1999). Total length is largely based on local habi­tat con­di­tions; adults are usu­ally 60 to 90 mm in length (Sigler and Miller, 1963) and re­ported max­i­mum sizes are around 160 mm for stream dwelling in­di­vid­u­als, slightly larger for lake-dwelling long­nose dace (Page and Burr, 1991; Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). Long­nose dace have been re­ported to get up to 225 mm in total length (Ger­ald 1966). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Ger­ald, 1966; Gold­stein and Simon, 1999; Page and Burr, 1991; Sigler and Miller, 1963)

  • Sexual Dimorphism
  • female larger
  • Range length
    60 to 225 mm
    2.36 to 8.86 in

De­vel­op­ment

After fer­til­iza­tion, eggs de­velop for 3 to 4 days be­fore hatch­ing into pro­to­larva. Dur­ing this time, the head and tail sep­a­rate from the yolk sac and the cir­cu­la­tory sys­tem be­gins to de­velop, as does the spinal cord. Pelagic pro­to­lar­vae con­tinue to de­velop, pig­men­ta­tion be­gins, and early fin de­vel­op­ment oc­curs. By the 9th day after hatch­ing, the sac is ab­sorbed and the lar­vae are now con­sid­ered meso­lar­vae. Fin rays be­come more de­fined and pig­men­ta­tion con­tin­ues to ac­cu­mu­late. As Rhinichthys catarac­tae meta­lar­vae de­velop into ju­ve­niles, fin buds de­velop, the fish takes on the mor­phol­ogy of a ju­ve­nile (in­clud­ing an elon­gated fleshy snout), and pig­men­ta­tion ac­cu­mu­la­tion is com­pleted (Fuiman and Loos, 1977; Cooper, 1980).

Ju­ve­nile long­nose dace (Rhinichthys catarac­tae) con­tinue to grow and de­velop in streams. Most long­nose dace ma­ture at age 2. A small per­cent­age of adults are ma­ture at age 1. This per­cent­age in­creases slightly in lake-dwelling pop­u­la­tions, where growth and mat­u­ra­tion is ac­cel­er­ated (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). Age 1 spawn­ers are pre­dom­i­nantly males, in­di­cat­ing pos­si­ble shorter mat­u­ra­tion times for males than fe­males (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). Ma­ture in­di­vid­u­als, both male and fe­male, are ap­prox­i­mately 75 mm in total length at the time of mat­u­ra­tion (Roberts and Gross­man, 2001). Fe­males gen­er­ally be­come the dom­i­nant sex and typ­i­cally grow larger than males by age 3 (Ger­ald, 1966). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Cooper, 1980; Fuiman and Loos, 1977; Ger­ald, 1966; Roberts and Gross­man, 2001)

Re­pro­duc­tion

Adult long­nose dace are polyg­y­nan­drous (promis­cu­ous) be­cause both ma­ture males and fe­males have mul­ti­ple spawn­ing part­ners. Males are ter­ri­to­r­ial and breed with many fe­males who visit their habi­tat (Bart­nik, 1970). Fe­male long­nose dace are ca­pa­ble of spawn­ing 6 or more times dur­ing their breed­ing sea­son and will breed with mul­ti­ple males dur­ing this time (Roberts and Gross­man, 2001). (Bart­nik, 1970; Roberts and Gross­man, 2001)

Some long­nose dace are ca­pa­ble of re­pro­duc­ing at age 1, all are ma­ture by age 2 (Roberts and Gross­man, 2001; Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). Ma­ture in­di­vid­u­als, both male and fe­male, are ap­prox­i­mately 75 mm in total length. While spawn­ing typ­i­cally oc­curs only in one year, fe­males are ca­pa­ble of pro­duc­ing 6 or more clutches per year. Total po­ten­tial fe­cun­dity ranged from 1155 to 2534 eggs for fe­males in stream dwelling pop­u­la­tions (Roberts and Gross­man, 2001) and from 870 to 9,953 eggs per fe­male in Lake Michi­gan pop­u­la­tions (Brazo et al., 1978). Long­nose dace lar­vae hatched 3 to 4 days after fer­til­iza­tion oc­curred; with an mean length of 5.9 mm (Fuiman and Loos, 1977; Cooper, 1980). In­for­ma­tion on mass at the time of hatch­ing was not avail­able. Spawn­ing typ­i­cally oc­curs in sum­mer but tim­ing is de­pen­dent on lat­i­tude and water tem­per­a­ture (Ed­wards, Li, and Schreck, 1983). Typ­i­cal spawn­ing sea­son takes place in late June and early July (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978) but oc­curs as early as late May (Reed, 1959) and as late as Au­gust (McPhail and Lind­sey 1970). Peak spawn­ing typ­i­cally oc­curs at water tem­per­a­tures be­tween 14° and 19° C (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Cooper, 1980; Ed­wards, et al., 1983; Fuiman and Loos, 1977; McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970; Reed, 1959; Roberts and Gross­man, 2001)

  • Breeding interval
    Female longnose dace are capable of having 6 or more clutches per year but typically only spawn for 1 season.
  • Breeding season
    Longnose dace reproduce between May and July.
  • Range number of offspring
    1155 to 2534
  • Average number of offspring
    1832
  • Range time to hatching
    3 to 4 days
  • Range time to independence
    3 to 4 days
  • Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
    1 to 2 years
  • Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
    2 years
  • Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
    1 to 2 years
  • Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
    2 years

In stream and lake-dwelling pop­u­la­tions, spawn­ing oc­curs over gravel. Male long­nose dace con­struct a small nest in the peb­bles where eggs are de­posited (McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970). Males are ter­ri­to­r­ial and de­fend their spawn­ing habi­tat, which is vis­ited by mul­ti­ple fe­males (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). After spawn­ing, lit­tle or no parental care is given the eggs. They are are cat­e­go­rized as ben­thic spawn­ers who broad­cast their eggs over gravel. The eggs are not hid­den (Helf­man, Col­lette, and Facey, 1997). Em­bryos tem­porar­ily ad­here to the gravel for 7 to 10 days and then the hatched fry be­come pelagic (McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970; Cooper, 1980). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Cooper, 1980; Helf­man, et al., 1997; McPhail and Lind­sey, 1970)

  • Parental Investment
  • no parental involvement
  • pre-fertilization
    • provisioning
    • protecting
      • male

Lifes­pan/Longevity

Long­nose dace have a max­i­mum re­ported lifes­pan of 5 years, but lifes­pan is typ­i­cally only 3 years for male in­di­vid­u­als (Reed and Moul­ton, 1973; Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Reed and Moul­tan, 1973)

  • Range lifespan
    Status: wild
    3 to 5 years
  • Average lifespan
    Status: wild
    3 years
  • Typical lifespan
    Status: wild
    2 to 5 years

Be­hav­ior

While faster areas of a rif­fle are typ­i­cally in­hab­ited by adults, both adult and ju­ve­nile long­nose dace pre­fer fast ve­loc­ity (40 to 50 cm/s) areas in the rif­fles they in­habit. Mullen and Bur­ton (1998) found that, in the pres­ence of adults, ju­ve­niles will gen­er­ally use medium ve­loc­ity (25 to 35 cm/s) areas, but show niche ex­pan­sion into faster ve­loc­ity areas when adults are re­moved from the site. Nei­ther adults nor ju­ve­niles made use of rif­fles where the water ve­loc­ity was below 10 cm/s (Mullen and Bur­ton, 1998). This as­pect of niche dis­tri­b­u­tion is thought to be caused by in­tra-spe­cific com­pe­ti­tion for faster ve­loc­ity areas in the rif­fle and is re­ferred to as size-spe­cific habi­tat seg­re­ga­tion (Mullen and Bur­ton, 1995). Mullen and Bur­ton (1995) sug­gested that this mi­cro­hab­i­tat seg­re­ga­tion was a strat­egy to re­duce in­tra-spe­cific com­pe­ti­tion be­tween in­di­vid­u­als in dif­fer­ent life his­tory stages by re­duc­ing niche over­lap. Gross­man et al. (1998) also found that in­tra-spe­cific com­pe­ti­tion, dri­ven by food lim­i­ta­tion, was the pri­mary fac­tor in­flu­enc­ing habi­tat choice by long­nose dace rather being dis­persed due to in­ter-spe­cific com­pe­ti­tion or preda­tor avoid­ance. (Gross­man, et al., 1998; Mullen and Bur­ton, 1995; Mullen and Bur­ton, 1998)

Home Range

Dur­ing the breed­ing sea­son, males are ter­ri­to­r­ial and stay near their spawn­ing area; fe­males are more mo­bile dur­ing this time and move through­out the stream. Exact ter­ri­tory size has not been de­ter­mined. (Bart­nik, 1970; Brazo, et al., 1978)

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

De­tailed in­for­ma­tion on Rhinichthys catarac­tae com­mu­ni­ca­tion and per­cep­tion is not avail­able.

Food Habits

Long­nose dace are pri­mar­ily noc­tur­nal feed­ers (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). This noc­tur­nal for­ag­ing strat­egy is dif­fer­ent from most cyprinids, but Rhinichthys catarac­tae is well adapted for this method (Beers and Culp, 1990). Long­nose dace have dark-adapted vi­sion for night for­ag­ing. Beers and Culp (1990) stud­ied how changes in light in­ten­sity changed for­ag­ing ef­fi­ciency when preda­tors were re­moved. All fac­tors in­dica­tive of for­ag­ing abil­ity were great­est under low light con­di­tions, such as around dusk. How­ever, most for­ag­ing oc­curs at night where they are slightly less ef­fi­cient. There­fore, this noc­tur­nal strat­egy is thought to be a com­bi­na­tion of min­i­miz­ing pre­da­tion risks while still in­creas­ing ef­fi­ciency in low-light con­di­tions (Beers and Culp, 1990). (Beers and Culp, 1990; Ger­ald, 1966)

Long­nose dace are well adapted for feed­ing on bot­tom dwelling in­sects (Ger­ald, 1966). At night, they use ben­thic-root­ing be­hav­ior; it is thought they lo­cate prey by ol­fac­tion using their bar­bels to probe into the sub­strate (Beers and Culp, 1990). Brazo et al. (1978) de­ter­mined through stom­ach analy­sis that long­nose dace de­pend pri­mar­ily on in­ver­te­brates as their pri­mary food source. As in pre­vi­ous stud­ies, their in­ver­te­brate diet con­sisted of midges, black flies, and mayflies (Reed 1959) as well as leaf hop­pers, aphids, and small ci­cadas. Small, ju­ve­nile long­nose dace feed pri­mar­ily on algae and di­atoms until they were large enough to con­sume the same diets as adults. Larger adults shifted their diet to­ward larger ter­res­trial in­sects as well as fish eggs from other Cyprinidae (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). (Beers and Culp, 1990; Brazo, et al., 1978; Ger­ald, 1966; Reed, 1959)

Pre­da­tion

Long­nose dace are po­ten­tial prey species for fish-eat­ing birds, such as herons, and preda­tory stream fishes in­clud­ing many salmonid species (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978). (Brazo, et al., 1978)

  • Anti-predator Adaptations
  • cryptic

Ecosys­tem Roles

Rhinichthys catarac­tae is a wide-rang­ing fresh­wa­ter min­now that is an im­por­tant part of the food chain in many stream habi­tats. One of the im­por­tant func­tions these fish pro­vide are con­sum­ing ter­res­trial in­sects, bring­ing them into the aquatic food chain. Long­nose dace are a po­ten­tial prey species to preda­tory stream fishes in­clud­ing many salmonid species. This is es­pe­cially be­lieved to occur when alewives (Alosa pseudo­haren­gus) un­dergo sub­stan­tial pop­u­la­tion crashes (Brazo, Lis­ton, and An­der­son, 1978).

Long­nose dace are also hosts to 13 par­a­sitic species, in­clud­ing in­di­vid­u­als from 6 larger tax­o­nomic groups: 1 mono­ge­nean fluke, 2 flukes, 2 ces­tode species, 4 ne­ma­todes, 1 spiny-headed worm, and 3 pro­to­zoan species) (Muz­zall, Whe­lan, and Tay­lor, 1992). (Brazo, et al., 1978; Muz­zall, et al., 1992)

Com­men­sal/Par­a­sitic Species
  • mono­ge­nean flukes (Mono­ge­nea)
  • flukes (Di­ge­nea)
  • ces­tode species (Ces­toda)
  • ne­ma­todes (Ne­ma­toda)
  • spiny-headed worms (Acan­tho­cephala)
  • pro­to­zoan species (Pro­to­zoa)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

Di­rect an­thro­pogenic in­ter­ac­tions are min­i­mal with long­nose dace, but in some areas they are used as bait for fish­ing (Scott and Cross­man, 1998). (Scott and Cross­man, 1998)

  • Positive Impacts
  • research and education

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

There are no known neg­a­tive af­fects of Rhinichthys catarac­tae on hu­mans.

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Long­nose dace (Rhinichthys catarac­tae) are not listed as a species of spe­cial con­cern, en­dan­gered, threat­ened, or re­gion­ally ex­tir­pated in any of the fol­low­ing con­ser­va­tion lists: IUCN Red List, CITES ap­pen­dices, or the United States En­dan­gered Species Act.

Con­trib­u­tors

Kevin Duby (au­thor), North­ern Michi­gan Uni­ver­sity, Rachelle Ster­ling (ed­i­tor), Spe­cial Pro­jects, Jill Leonard (ed­i­tor), North­ern Michi­gan Uni­ver­sity, Tanya Dewey (ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor.

Glossary

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.

World Map

acoustic

uses sound to communicate

benthic

Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent.

bilateral symmetry

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

carnivore

an animal that mainly eats meat

chemical

uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

cryptic

having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect.

ectothermic

animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature

external fertilization

fertilization takes place outside the female's body

fertilization

union of egg and spermatozoan

freshwater

mainly lives in water that is not salty.

heterothermic

having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.

indeterminate growth

Animals with indeterminate growth continue to grow throughout their lives.

insectivore

An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.

introduced

referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.

metamorphosis

A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.

motile

having the capacity to move from one place to another.

natatorial

specialized for swimming

native range

the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

nocturnal

active during the night

oviparous

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.

phytoplankton

photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. (Compare to zooplankton.)

polygynandrous

the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.

seasonal breeding

breeding is confined to a particular season

sedentary

remains in the same area

semelparous

offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.

sexual

reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female

tactile

uses touch to communicate

temperate

that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).

territorial

defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement

vibrations

movements of a hard surface that are produced by animals as signals to others

visual

uses sight to communicate

zooplankton

animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. (Compare to phytoplankton.)

Ref­er­ences

Bart­nik, V. 1970. Re­pro­duc­tive iso­la­tion be­tween two sym­patric dace, Rhinichthysa trat­u­lus and R. catarac­tae, in Man­i­toba. J. Fish Res. Board Can., 27: 2125-2141.

Beers, C., J. Culp. 1990. Plas­tic­ity in for­ag­ing be­hav­iour of a lotic min­now (Rhinichthys catarac­tae) in re­sponse to dif­fer­ent light in­ten­si­ties. Can. J. Zool, 68(1): 101–105.

Brazo, D., C. Lis­ton, R. An­der­son. 1978. Life His­tory of the Long­nose Dace, Rhinichthys catarac­tae, in the Surge Zone of East­ern Lake Michi­gan Near Lud­ing­ton, Michi­gan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 107(4): 550-556.

Cooper, J. 1980. Egg, Lar­val and Ju­ve­nile De­vel­op­ment of Long­nose Dace, Rhinichthys catarac­tae, and River Chub No­comis mi­cro­p­ogon with Notes on Their Hy­bridiza­tion. Copeia, 3: 469-478.

Ed­wards, E., H. Li, C. Schreck. 1983. Habi­tat suit­abil­ity index mod­els: Long­nose dace. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-82/10: 13.

Facey, D., G. Gross­man. 1992. The re­la­tion­ship be­tween water ve­loc­ity, en­er­getic costs, and mi­cro­hab­i­tat use in four North Amer­i­can stream fishes. Hy­dro­bi­olo­gia, 239: 16.

Fuiman, L., J. Loos. 1977. Iden­ti­fy­ing Char­ac­ters of the Early De­vel­op­ment of the Daces Rhinichthys atrat­u­lus and R. catarac­tae. Pro­ceed­ings of the Acad­emy of Nat­ural Sci­ences of Philadel­phia, 129: 23-32.

Ger­ald, J. 1966. Food Habits of the Long­nose Dace, Rhinichthys catarac­tae. Copeia, 3: 478-485.

Gold­stein, R., T. Simon. 1999. To­ward a united de­f­i­n­i­tion of guild struc­ture for feed­ing ecol­ogy of North Amer­i­can fresh­wa­ter fishes.. New York, New York: CRC Press.

Gross­man, G., R. Rata­jczak, M. Craw­ford, M. Free­man. 1998. As­sem­blage or­ga­ni­za­tion in stream fishes: ef­fects of en­vi­ron­men­tal vari­a­tion and in­ter­spe­cific in­ter­ac­tions. Eco­log­i­cal Mono­graphs, 68: 395–420.

Helf­man, G., B. Col­lette, D. Facey. 1997. The di­ver­sity of fishes. Malden, Mass­a­chu­setts: Black­well Sci­ence.

Jenk­ins, R., N. Burk­head. 1994. Fresh­wa­ter fishes of Vir­ginia. Bethesda, Mary­land: Amer­i­can Fish­eries So­ci­ety.

McPhail, J., C. Lind­sey. 1970. Fresh­wa­ter fishes of north­west­ern Canada and Alaska. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can., 173: 1-373.

Mullen, D., T. Bur­ton. 1998. Ex­per­i­men­tal tests of in­traspe­cific com­pe­ti­tion in stream rif­fles be­tween ju­ve­nile and adult long­nose dace (Rhinichthys catarac­tae). Can. J. Zool., 76(5): 855-862.

Mullen, D., T. Bur­ton. 1995. Size Re­lated Habi­tat Use by Long­nose Dace (Rhinichthys catarac­tae). Amer­i­can Mid­land Nat­u­ral­ist, 133(1): 177-183.

Muz­zall, P., G. Whe­lan, W. Tay­lor. 1992. Host-Par­a­site Re­la­tion­ships of Long­nose Dace, Rhinichthys catarac­tae, from the Ford River, Michi­gan. The Jour­nal of Par­a­sitol­ogy, 78(5): 837-844.

Page, L., B. Burr. 1991. A Field Guide to Fresh­wa­ter Fishes : North Amer­ica North of Mex­ico (Pe­ter­son Field Guides). Boston, Mass­a­chu­setts: Houghton Mif­flin Com­pany.

Reed, R. 1959. Age, growth, and food of the long­nose dace, Rhinichthys catarac­tae, in north­west­ern Penn­syl­va­nia. Copeia, 1959: 160-162.

Reed, R., J. Moul­tan. 1973. Age and growth of the blac­knose dace, Rhinichthys atrat­u­lus and long­nose dace, R. catarac­tae in Mass­a­chu­setts.. Amer­i­can Mid­land Nat­u­ral­ist, (90)1: 206-210.

Roberts, J., G. Gross­man. 2001. Re­pro­duc­tive char­ac­ter­is­tics of fe­male long­nose dace in the Coweeta Creek drainage, North Car­olina, USA. Ecol­ogy of Fresh­wa­ter Fish, 10: 184-190.

Scott, W., E. Cross­man. 1998. Fresh­wa­ter Fishes of Canada. Oakville, On­tario: Galt House Pub­li­ca­tions Ltd..

Sigler, W., R. Miller. 1963. Fishes of Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah State Dep­tart­ment of Fish Game.