By Erin Gallay
Geographic Range
Found only on the island of Madagascar, Hapalemur aureus is patchily distributed through small rain forest areas in the southeast. (Meier et. al., 1987)
Other Geographic Terms:
island endemic 
.
Habitat
Hapalemur aureus is found only in rain forest. Distribution of these animals is closely linked with bamboo (Glander, et. al, 1989).
These animals are found in the following types of habitat:
tropical ; terrestrial .
Terrestrial Biomes:
rainforest .
Physical Description
(2.64 to 3.52 lbs)
(31.5 in)
About the size of a domesticated cat, H. aureus has a total body length of around 800 mm, the tail comprising half of this. Individuals weigh between 1.2 and 1.6 kg. The soft fur is of moderate length and the muzzle is short. The head is globose and ears are short and hairy but not tufted. The face is black with golden-yellow eyebrows, cheeks and throat. Underparts are yellow, although dorsally there are grey-brown guardhairs with underfur of pale orange. There is no obvious sexual dichromatism, although females tend to be more greyish dorsally.
(Meier et. al., 1987; Harcourt, 1990)
Some key physical features:
endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry .
Sexual dimorphism: sexes alike.
Reproduction
It seems likely that these lemurs would be like other members of the family, and that they would breed annually.
The breeding season of these animals has not been documented.
These animals appear to live in small family groups with a single adult male and one or two adult females. This indicates that H. aureus breeds either monogamously or polygynously. (Nowak, 1999)
Mating systems:
monogamous ; polygynous .
The only observed breeding of this species was that of the pair taken into captivity at Parc Tsimbazaza in 1987, which has sucessfully bred four times, with three of the young surviving.
(Harcourt, 1990)
The following data on reproduction come from another member of the same genus, Hapalemur griseus, to which H. aureus may bear some similarity.
Hapalemur griseus gives birth to one or two young in October to February. As the gestation period of this species is 135 to 150 days in length, we may assume that mating occurs from May through September. In captivity, a newborn of this species weighed 32 g. It was initially carried ventrally by the mother, but later rode on her back. Weaning in H. griseus occurs around 20 weeks of age.
Key reproductive features:
iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous .
Parental behaviors have not been reported for these lemurs. It is likely that the bulk of care for young is provided by the mother, who grooms, protects, and feeds her young.
Parental investment:
altricial ; pre-fertilization (provisioning, protecting: female); pre-hatching/birth (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-weaning/fledging (provisioning: female, protecting: female).
Lifespan/Longevity
Data on the longevity of H. aureus are not available. However, another member of the genus, H. griseus is reported to have lived longer than 17 years in captivity. Hapalemur aureus is probably similarly long-lived.
Behavior
Hapalemur aureus has been seen in groups of 2 to 4 individuals. The group studied at Ranomafana consisting of an adult male, adult female, a smaller subadult and a large juvenile. These lemurs have an easily recognisable contact call, which is a hard grunt. Mainly arboreal, they are also at home on the ground and appear to have territories of 80 ha. Hapalemur aureus is active in the early morning and evening and is probably also active for part of the night.
(Meier et. al., 1987; Harcourt, 1990)
Home Range
These animals appear to maintain home ranges of about 80 hectares.
Key behaviors:
arboreal ; crepuscular ; motile ; sedentary ; territorial ; social .
Communication and Perception
Hapalemur aureus is social, and like other primates has complicated forms of communication. Scent marking apparently occurs, based on morphological study of scent glands on wrists, indicating that these animals use chemical communication. They also communicate with vocalizations and visual signals, such as facial expressions and body postures. Finally, tactile communication (grooming, playing, aggression) is likely to be important to these animals as well.
(Nowak, 1999)
Other communication keywords:
scent marks .
Food Habits
An herbivore, H. aureus feeds almost exclusively on plants from the family Gramineae, primarily on endemic giant bamboo, Cephalostachium viguieri, but also on bamboo creeper and bamboo grass. These lemurs eat the shoots, leaf bases, pith and viny parts of these bamboos.
Chemical analysis has shown that the soft stalks and growing tips that Hapalemur prefers, which are ignored by the other lemurs, are very high in protein as well as cyanide. Golden bamboo lemurs eat about 500 g of bamboo each day, which contains 12 times the amount of cyanide lethal to most animals.
(Meier et. al., 1987; Glander et. al., 1989)
Plant Foods:
leaves.
Predation
Predation on these animals has not been reported. However, likely predators include humans, fossas, and raptors.
Ecosystem Roles
The ecosystem roles of these animals are not well understood. As herbivores, they may impact the plant community. As potential prey items, these lemurs may help to structure local food webs.
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Hapalemur aureus has no known adverse effects on humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
These lemurs are of great interest to the scientific community.
Ways that people benefit from these animals:
research and education.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: [link]:
Critically Endangered.
US Federal List: [link]:
Endangered.
CITES: [link]:
Appendix I.
This extremely rare species is thought to have a total population of only 200 to 400 individuals. All populations are highly endangered by habitat destruction, particularly from slash and burn agriculture and timber exploitation, and may well become extinct. Listed in Appendix A of CITES, Class A of the African Convention and protected by Malagasy law, golden bamboo lemurs and their products are subject to strict regulation. This species may not be hunted, killed or captured, but it is difficult to enforce this protection.
(Meier et. al., 1987; Harcourt, 1990)
Other Comments
Hapalemur aureus was discovered in 1985 and described in 1987. It exists in sympatry with Hapalemur griseus and Prolemur simus. Further research of this species is much needed. (Meier, et. al., 1987) (Glander, et. al., 1989)
Contributors
Erin Gallay (author), University of Michigan.
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
