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By Barbara Lundrigan and Daniel Davis
Geographic Range
Black lemurs are limited to the northwestern tip of Madagascar and the two adjacent islands of Nosy Komba and Nosy Be. In Madagascar, the two subspecies are separated by the Andranomalaza river, but clear separation only occurs in a relatively small area (Rabarivola and Meyers,1991). Eulemur macaco macaco can be found to the north of the river and Eulemur macaco flavifrons to the south of it (Rabarivola and Meyers, 1991). ()
Other Geographic Terms:
island endemic 
.
Habitat
Black lemurs are tree dwellers. They can be found in four habitats: primary rain forest, secondary forest, timber plantations and food crop plantations. ()
These animals are found in the following types of habitat:
tropical ; terrestrial .
Terrestrial Biomes:
rainforest .
Other:
agricultural .
Physical Description
(4.4 to 5.5 lbs; avg. 5.5 lbs)
(11.81 to 17.72 in)
Black lemurs are primitive primates that are about the size of a house cat. Adults can weigh about 2.4 kg (Duke Primate Center, 1998). Head and body lengths vary between 300 and 450 mm (Nowak, 1999). There are two subspecies of the black lemur: black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) and blue-eyed lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons). These subspecies are similar in size, shape and behavior. Differences between the two subspecies include habitat, coat and eye color.
There is striking sexual dimorphism in color. Males in both subspecies are black. Female black lemurs have a dark coat which lightens to a deep rust on the sides. They are off-white on the stomachs. Female blue-eyed lemurs have a coat that is reddish-tan in color over the entire body. All black lemurs have brown eyes as opposed to blue-eyed lemurs which all have turquoise blue eyes (Duke University, 1998). ()
Some key physical features:
endothermic ; bilateral symmetry .
Sexual dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently, female more colorful.
Reproduction
These animals can breed annually.
Breeding occurs in June and July.
The mating system of these animals has not been well studied. In the wild, groups range in size from 4 to 15 individuals. Females are dominant to males, and there may be some exchange of adults between groups. In captivity, females have their choice of mates. From this information, it seems likely that breeding is polygynous. ()
Mating systems:
polygynous .
Black lemurs breed seasonally in June and July. Birth occurs after a gestation period of 120 to 129 days. One offspring is usually born, however, twins are fairly common. The young are weaned at five to six months of age. Sexual maturity is reached by about 2 years of age. ()
Key reproductive features:
iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous .
Infants can be found clinging to their mothers' bellies for the first 3 weeks and will shift only to nurse. At about 3 weeks of age, the young lemur will begin to ride on its mother's back and will soon after take its first tentative steps. Nursing continues until about 5 to 6 months of age. Mothers provide grooming, protection, and transportation for their young, as well as valuable socialization. The role of males in parental care is not clear, although there is some evidence that males can be infanticidal in captivity. They may, therefore, have some role in protecting their offspring in the wild. ()
Parental investment:
altricial ; pre-fertilization (provisioning, protecting: female); pre-hatching/birth (provisioning: female, protecting: female); pre-weaning/fledging (provisioning: female, protecting: female); extended period of juvenile learning.
Lifespan/Longevity
These animals are reported to live 20 to 25 years, presumably in captivity. ()
Behavior
Black lemurs are social, living in groups of between 2 to 15 related individuals. The average group size is between 7 to 10 individuals. The group sex ratio tends to favor males and the females are usually the dominant members. Grooming is important in the establishment and reinforcement of social bonds within the group. ()
Key behaviors:
arboreal ; terricolous; diurnal ; motile ; sedentary ; territorial ; social ; dominance hierarchies .
Communication and Perception
These animals use vocalizations, scent marks, body postures and facial expressions, as well as tactile communication. ()
Other communication keywords:
scent marks .
Food Habits
During the rainy season, their diet seems to consist mainly of fruit. They have also been reported to eat mushrooms and millipedes on occasion during this season. Early in the dry season, a significant part of their diet comes from the nectar of flowers. Other things included in the dry season diet are seed pods, leaves, and flowers (Kappeler and Ganzhorn, 1993). ()
Primary Diet:
herbivore (folivore , nectarivore ).
Animal Foods:
terrestrial non-insect arthropods.
Plant Foods:
leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar; flowers.
Other Foods:
fungus.
Predation
Predators of these lemurs are not known. However, it seems likely that animals like fossas and raptors are possible predators.
Ecosystem Roles
As frugivores, these lemurs are likely to play some role in seed dispersal. However, because they eat nectar, they may also be important pollinators. To the extent that these lemurs are food for predators, they may have impact in local food webs.
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Black lemurs are considered crop pests by farmers in some areas. ()
Ways that these animals might be a problem for humans:
crop pest.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Humans have found the black lemurs to be useful as a food resource and for their furs. They can also be trapped and sold to people as pets or used as attractions in zoos.
Conservation Status
All lemurs are considered endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and are protected under Appendix I of CITES. They are also listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data Book. Evidence indicates that their numbers are declining. The main threats to black lemurs include habitat destruction, poaching for their meat or fur, and capture for the pet trade or zoos. They have also been killed in some areas as crop pests.
Lemurs breed fairly well in captivity and are popular in zoos worldwide. The St. Louis Zoological Park in the United States coordinates the Species Survival Plan (SSP) for black lemurs. Reintroduction of lemurs bred in captivity may be used one day to boost wild populations. ()
Other Comments
Black lemurs may breed with blue-eyed lemurs and will produce brown-eyed offspring in every case (Duke University, 1998). ()
Contributors
Barbara Lundrigan (author), Michigan State University. Daniel Davis (author), Michigan State University.
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
