Crocodylus acutus
American crocodile

American crocodiles live along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, from Central America through South America and the Caribbean Islands. They can also be found along the southeastern coast of Florida. Lake Worth and Cape Sable are the most northern limits of the species. They are more commonly found in the lowlands of Florida, and salt-water marshes throughout Central and South America. (Britton, 2009; Ditmars, 1936)

The habitat of American crocodiles includes a broad range of aquatic environments. They inhabit freshwater, including rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and can also be found in brackish environments, such as example estuaries and swamps. There is also a population in a unique hyper-saline lake in the Dominican Republic. Another unlikely environment where American crocodiles are found is along brackish canals bordering a Florida power plant. American crocodiles create complex burrow systems to provide them an alternative shelter when they are vulnerable to low water levels. These burrows are used as shelter from cold weather, as hiding places, and as a spot to rest. Crocodiles may make the burrow large enough for movement or they may be as shallow as only two feet below the ground. The entrance to the burrow is built at least partially submerged, if not fully submerged underwater. American crocodiles choose an area based on the reliability of a food source. As long as there is a sustainable amount of food, they do not leave the area, with the exception of mating season. (Britton, 2009; Guggisberg, 1972)

American crocodiles are moderate sized crocodiles, although some individuals can grow longer than 4 long. There are unconfirmed reports of individuals 7 m long. Males tend to be larger than females. Adults have an olive-brown coloration, whereas younger crocodiles are lighter tan color. They have a narrow head and a long snout (which distinguishes them from alligators). Their sharp, jagged teeth interlock with each other. They have 28 to 32 teeth in their lower jaw and 30 to 40 in the upper jaw. They also have a protective eyelid that allows them to see underwater and the design of their iris gives them good night vision. American crocodiles are distinctive from other crocodile species in their reduced amount of scaly armor. Their tail is extremely long and powerful, and is used for swimming. ("American Crocodile", 2009; Britton, 2009; Ditmars, 1936)

Female American crocodiles incubate their eggs to keep them warm. The sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. High temperatures of 88 to 91 degrees Fahrenheit produce male offspring, while anything lower than 88 degrees results in females. However, the temperature must remain above 82 degrees in order for the eggs to hatch. After the young hatch, they rely on the yolk of the egg for nourishment for as long as two weeks. As they age the number of potential predators decreases, but newly hatched and young American crocodiles are particularly vulnerable and therefore must hide. The food supply of the yolk keeps them nourished until they are more competent and secure. As they mature and grow, young American crocodiles start to hunt insects on land, much like the foraging style of other lizards. (Guggisberg, 1972; Museum of Science and Inc., 1997; PetandWildlife.com, 2008)

American crocodiles have the potential to live as long as 100 years, however their average life expectancy ranges from 60 to 70 years. There is a high mortality rate of offspring. Only 1 in 4 reach the age of 4. This is due to their vulnerability at their hatching size. Young American crocodiles have not yet developed the size and strength necessary to protect themselves from predators. Their vulnerable status along with the lack of parental care puts the young at risk. Also, if nests are built below the water line, flooding can result in mass death of the eggs. In addition, the eggs themselves are at risk to thieves such as raccoons. (Museum of Science and Inc., 1997; PetandWildlife.com, 2008)

Most of the time American crocodiles are solitary creatures. In their wild habitat, they prefer to be alone, retreating from most disturbances. However, if they feel threatened, individuals may become quite aggressive. When social interactions do occur, they often take place around dawn before their body temperatures have warmed. During the dry season they become lethargic, burying themselves in the mud and neglecting to eat. Like alligators, American crocodiles bask in the sun, open-mouthed, a behavior called "gaping." This regulates their body temperature. This behavior occurs only on sunny days and acts as a cooling method to help maintain their comfortable 77 degree Fahrenheit body temperature. Also, this basking behavior aids in increasing their metabolic rate; in cold temperature, their digestion tends to be slower, costing extra energy, basking in the sun makes digestion more efficient. Most of their behavior and activity occurs at night, they are inactive during the daytime hours. During the evening, they spend a lot of time submerged in water since the water cools slowly, maintaining the heat for a prolonged period of time. ("National Environmeny and Planning Agency", 2009; Guggisberg, 1972; Museum of Science and Inc., 1997)

Home Range

American crocodiles have home ranges that are split between land and water. Sizes are not reported. ("National Environmeny and Planning Agency", 2009)

American crocodiles communicate through vocalizations. Roaring acts to defend territory and attract mates. Territorial communication is also displayed through slapping the water with the head and tail. Infrasonic sound is also used which creates ripples on the water's surface. This infrasonic rumbling is used during the mating season to court potential mates. Young American crocodiles communicate to the mother when hatching time approaches. Newly hatched young emit distress calls eliciting protective measures from the mother. The position of the body is also used to indicate dominance or submission. Dominant males swim along the surface of the water, exposing their entire body, while females and submissive males only expose their head or snout while swimming. Tail-thrashing is also used in aggressive behaviors and interactions as a visual cue. Finally, chemosensory cues are used in communication, but have been poorly documented. ("American Crocodile", 2009; "Animals", 2009; Guggisberg, 1972)

American crocodiles are carnivorous, feeding mostly on fish, frogs, turtles and the occasional bird or small mammal. Juvenile individuals eat more aquatic invertebrates and small fish, while recent hatchlings hunt insects on land. A full digestive cycle from swallowing to excretion takes approximately 72 hours. During hunting, prey is grabbed with their powerful jaws, swallowing it whole. American crocodiles also ingest small stones to aid in grinding up their food. ("Animals", 2009; Guggisberg, 1972; Museum of Science and Inc., 1997; Sweeters, 2007)

American crocodiles are only vulnerable as prey to other predators when they are young. Until they mature to a larger size, the young are vulnerable to raccoons, certain larger fish and wild cats. In order to protect themselves, they attempt to hide and conceal themselves with their surroundings. Later in life their crypsis is useful to prevent detection by prey. (Britton, 2009; Guggisberg, 1972)

American crocodiles are top predators in aquatic ecosystems they inhabit. Their waste products and uneaten prey also contribute to other animals in the ecosystem. (Museum of Science and Inc., 1997)

American crocodiles have been known on the rare occasion to attack and kill or injure humans and domestic animals. (Guggisberg, 1972)

American crocodiles have no direct economic importance for humans, however, similar species such as Alligator mississippiensis attract tourists to areas such as the Florida Everglades. In some areas they may be hunted for food or leather.

American crocodiles are listed as endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act. In addition, American crocodiles are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species internationally, which prohibits commercial trade of these animals. In the past, American crocodiles were subject to poaching for their hides, but now the main threat to their existence is loss of habitat due to the invasion of human development and illegal killing. (Britton, 2009)