Ambystoma laterale
blue-spotted salamander

Blue-spotted salamanders are found from eastern central North America and stretch in a broad band across to the Atlantic Provinces and northern New England. They are found around the Great Lakes and west as far as central Manitoba. They reach as far north as James Bay, Ontario (Collicutt 1999).

The blue-spotted salamander lives in deciduous and coniferous forests. They are most abundant in moist woodlands with sandy soil. They differ from other salamanders in that they are found above ground throughout the warmer months (Harding 1997). During the day they stay undercover out of the direct sunlight. They spend the summer and fall in damp forests, searching for food at night (Nova Scotia 1999).

Length: 10-14cm.

Blue-spotted salamanders have a long tail that is approximately 40% of its body length (Collicutt 1999). The salamander's tail is broadly oval at the base and compressed towards the tip. It is fleshier than A. jeffersonianum (Minton 1972). They also have a slimmer body than the tiger salamander A. tigrinum (Collicut 1999). Their feet have relatively long toes (Conant and Collins 1998). They are given their name for the bluish-white spots and flecks on the tides of the trunk and tail and also sometimes on the back. Their skin is bluish-black (Conant and Collins 1998). The spots are also on their limbs and belly (Harding 1997). The belly may be either black or a lighter shade than the dorsum, but the vent is usually black (Harding 1997). There is some slight size difference between the males and the females. The males tend to be slightly smaller than the females, the males also have a longer more flattened tail (Harding 1997). The larvae of blue-spotted salamanders vary in appearance. When the larvae are small and relatively young they have broad tail fins and external gills for living in the water (Collicutt 1999). But once they have developed all four legs they appear to be dark brown, olive or gray on the upper surface with dark mottling on the fail fins. They also may have dull yellow blotches on the dorsum or yellowish stripes down each side of the back. The belly is lighter and unmarked (Harding 1997).

Blue-spotted salamanders breed in the spring. They migrate to the breeding ponds when warm evening rains start and warming temperatures and rapid snowmelt. The courtship process has a brief stage where the male nuzzles and nudges the female with his snout. Then the male crawls above the female and grabs her behind the front legs and he rubs his chin on her head and snout. This position may be maintained for several hours, rising to the surface occasionally. The male eventually releases the female and deposits a spermatophore in front of her. The male leads her to the spermatophore and the female picks it up with her cloaca (Harding 1997). They also have some defense mechanisms. The small size of the body enables the salamander to hide well, and the blue spots help to break up the outline of the body. They also have granular glands that are mostly concentrated on their tail. These glands produce a milky noxious liquid that is secreted when it is threatened. The blue-spotted salamander holds the tail up and curved over the body when it is alarmed. If the predator attacks the tail, it gets the sticky secretion in its mouth (Collicutt 1999).

The Blue-spotted salamander is a carnivore. The adult eats worms, snails, slugs, insects, centipedes, spiders and other invertebrates. The larvae eat small aquatic invertebrates such as water fleas (cladocerans), copepods, insects and insect larvae, especially mosquito larvae (Harding 1997). The diet suggests that the feeding ground is beneath leaf litter in forests (Collicut 1999). In captivity, blue-spotted salamanders survive on 1 worm a week (Collicut 1999).

Blue-spotted salamanders consume many mosquitoes each year (Harding 1997).

Due to the loss of wetlands and the destruction of forests, the salamanders are threatened. However, there is no evidence of decline in the blue-spotted salamander as of yet (CCIW 1999). Blue-spotted salamanders are more tolerant to human disturbances than other salamanders. They still persist in fragmented forests (Harding 1997).

The blue-spotted salamander hybridizes with the spotted salamander, the Jefferson salamander, and the tiger salamander. The hybrid between blue-spotted salamander and Jefferson salamander is called A. platineum. It is a unisexual clonal triploid. This hybrid reproduces gynogenetically. Gynogenetic reproduction is where sperm from a host species is needed to activate the egg development but makes no genetic contribution (Spolsky 1992). The hybrid species are dependent upon one of the parental species.