By Brian Bridgeman
Habitat
Cotton-top tamarins inhabit tropical rainforests, open woodlands, and secondary growth. They are sensitive to any alteration in their habitat.
Terrestrial Biomes:
forest 
; rainforest ; scrub forest .
Physical Description
(9.15 to 13.38 oz; avg. 11.26 oz)
Cotton-top tamarins are distinguished from other members of the genus Saguinus by possessing a crest of long whitish hair from the forehead to the nape flowing over the shoulders. Their back is brown and the underparts of the arms and legs are whitish to yellow. The rump and inner sides of thighs are reddish-orange. The base of the tail is also reddish-orange, while the tip is blackish.
Characteristics that distinguish callitrichids from other new world monkeys are modified claws instead of nails on all digits and the presence of two rather than three molars on each side of the jaw.
Some key physical features:
endothermic ; bilateral symmetry .
Reproduction
Saguinus oedipus breeds twice each year
Saguinus oedipus has a monogamous breeding system. This species has a form of cooperative breeding, which isn't present in many other Primates. It consists of adult 'helpers' staying in the family and gaining breeding experience instead of breeding themselves. This may result in the highest reproductive potential of all primates.
Mating systems:
monogamous ; cooperative breeder .
Cotton-top tamarins are reproductively active seasonally with females being seen pregnant or suckling young only from January to June. They have an estrous cycle of 15 days and gestation lasts approximately 140 days. Sexual maturity is reached at 18 months in females and 24 months in males. Saguinus oedipus gives birth to non-identical twins twice each year.
Key reproductive features:
iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous .
Behavior
S. oedipus live in groups ranging from 1-19 individuals. However, the most common group sizes are from 3-9 individuals. These groups consist of a dominant mated pair, their young of the year, and a few subordinate or young animals of both sexes. These subordinate members tend to form small groups and migrate in and out of the home range of the main group. Also, these subordinates are the "helpers". Home ranges vary from 7-10 hectares. S. oedipus are also territorial and uses scent marks to define their territory. When coming into contact with other groups, instead of physical contact they will threaten the other group with the showing of their rear and genital area as a territorial display.
Key behaviors:
motile ; territorial ; social ; dominance hierarchies .
Food Habits
Cotton-top tamarins are primarily insectivorous; insects being 40% of their diet. They also eat a large amount of fruit which consists of 38.4% of their diet. Feeding on exudates, which is known as gum feeding, takes up 14.4% of their diet. Saguinus oedipus have an interesting characteristic which consists of food associated calls that are correlated with food preferences. Certain calls made by cotton-top tamarins were strictly associated with a feeding context and were not used in non-feeding contexts. However, it should be noted that there is a 3% error, when these specific calls are made in non-feeding contexts.
Primary Diet:
omnivore .
Animal Foods:
insects.
Plant Foods:
fruit; sap or other plant fluids.
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
None
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
None
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: [link]:
Endangered.
US Federal List: [link]:
No special status.
CITES: [link]:
Appendix II.
The main problems contributing to the cotton-top tamarin's status as endangered is the clearing of their forest habitat and population depletion from animal trade. Nature reserves have been set up to help maintain populations of Saguinus oedipus.
Other Comments
Males put forth more effort in caring for young than the females. This relationship is unique amongst callitrichids. The father assists at birth and carries the young all of the time exept when the mother is feeding. This characteristic results from the fact that a female gives birth to 2 infants at a time, each with a weight of 15-20% of the mother's weight.
Contributors
Brian Bridgeman (author), University of Michigan.
